Discovery, advertising, and cloud platform
Google / Alphabet
A model that turns discovery into ads and cloud expansion
A public business pattern that starts with a free answer to search intent, then layers advertising, subscriptions, platform commerce, and enterprise cloud consumption.
Marketplace, fulfillment, membership, and cloud
Amazon
A model that expands seller commerce into fulfillment, membership, and ads
A public pattern that reduces transaction friction first, then broadens revenue through seller services, fulfillment, membership, advertising, and cloud.
Productivity, enterprise cloud, and AI workflow
Microsoft
A model that grows from daily work tools into organization-wide cloud
A public pattern that starts with individual and team workflows, then expands through seat subscriptions, security, data, and cloud consumption across the organization.
Integrated device, software, services, and developer ecosystem
Apple
A model that layers services and a developer ecosystem on a core product experience
A public business pattern that starts with a primary device experience and connects software, services, payments, and an app ecosystem to create repeat value.
Social graph, messaging, advertising, and business tools
Meta
A model that connects attention and interaction to advertising tools
A public structure that creates repeat use through relationships, content, and messaging, then offers advertising and business tools that help companies reach customers.
Accelerated computing, developer platform, and enterprise software
NVIDIA
A model that turns core technology into a developer platform and enterprise operating system
A public structure that connects performance-critical technology with developer tools, a software ecosystem, and enterprise support to create switching cost and repeat revenue.